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NDUFB9 is a 179 amino acid protein that belongs to the complex I LYR family. Localized to the inner mitochondrial membrane, as well as to the matrix side of the peripheral membrane, NDUFB9 functions as an accessory subunit of the multi-subunit mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase complex I. Complex I plays an important role in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain, a process that is essential for cellular respiration. The gene encoding NDUFB9 maps t
Heterotrimeric G protein-mediated signal transduction is a dynamically regulated process with the intensity of signal decreasing over time despite the continued presence of the agonist. This phenomenon, referred to as agonist-mediated desensitization, involves phosphorylation of the receptor by two classes of enzymes. The first class is comprised of the second messenger-regulated kinases, such as c-AMP dependent protein kinase A and protein kinase C. The second class includes the G protein-cou
Microtubules are polymers of alpha and beta subunits that form the mitotic spindle and assist in the organization of membranous organelles during interphase. Katanin p60 A1, also known as KATNA1, is a 491 amino acid protein that belongs to the AAA ATPase family and is involved in microtubule regulation. Localized to the cytoplasm and to the centrosome, Katanin p60 A1 functions to sever and disassemble microtubules in an ATP-dependent manner, thus promoting the rapid reorganization of cellu
The process of differentiation from mesodermal precursor cells to myoblasts has led to the discovery of a variety of tissue-specific factors that regulate muscle gene expression. The myogenic basic helix-loop-helix proteins, including myoD (MIM 159970), myogenin (MIM 159980), MYF5 (MIM 159990), and MRF4 (MIM 159991) are one class of identified factors. A second family of DNA binding regulatory proteins is the myocyte-specific enhancer factor-2 (MEF2) family. Each of these proteins binds to the
The central core of each mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is a conserved cascade of 3 protein kinases: an activated MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK) phosphorylates and activates a specific MAPK kinase (MAPKK), which then activates a specific MAPK. While the ERK MAPKs are activated by mitogenic stimulation, the CSBP2 and JNK MAPKs are activated by environmental stresses such as osmotic shock, UV irradiation, wound stress, and inflammatory factors. This gene encodes a MAPKKK, the MEK